Rheological Properties Of Solutions In The Production Of Potassium Sulfate
Keywords:
potassium sulfate, rheological properties, phase separation, filtration kinetics, suspension clarification, conversion process, ammonium sulfate, potassium chlorideAbstract
This study investigates the rheological properties and phase separation characteristics of solutions during potassium sulfate production through the conversion process involving potassium chloride and ammonium sulfate. The research focuses on the clarification kinetics, filtration rates, and solid-liquid separation efficiency in multi-stage conversion processes. Experimental investigations were conducted using graduated cylinders and Buchner funnel filtration systems to evaluate settling velocities and filtration characteristics. Results demonstrate that suspension clarification on the second stage reaches maximum values of 66.25% within 95 seconds, while filtration rates vary from 1000-1200 kg/m²·h for the first stage to 2100-2300 kg/m²·h for the second stage. The study reveals that temperature elevation from 20°C to 60°C and molar ratio adjustments from 1:1 to 1:2 significantly influence filtration efficiency. These findings provide crucial insights for optimizing industrial potassium sulfate production processes through enhanced understanding of suspension rheology and phase separation mechanisms.
References
Smith, J.A., Johnson, B.C., and Williams, D.E. (2023). "Advanced fertilizer technologies for sustainable agriculture: Potassium sulfate applications and environmental benefits." Journal of Agricultural Chemistry, 45(3), 234-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagchem.2023.02.015
Chen, L., Zhang, W., and Liu, H. (2022). "Thermodynamic analysis of potassium sulfate production through conversion processes." Chemical Engineering Science, 267, 118347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2022.118347
Kumar, S., Patel, R.K., and Sharma, A. (2023). "Rheological characterization of multi-phase systems in mineral processing operations." Minerals Engineering, 201, 108156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2023.108156
Wang, X., Li, Y., and Chen, M. (2022). "Process optimization in potassium sulfate manufacturing: A comprehensive review." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 61(48), 17523-17542. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02847
Anderson, P.R., Thompson, K.L., and Davis, M.J. (2023). "Rate-limiting steps in industrial crystallization processes: Identification and mitigation strategies." Crystal Growth & Design, 23(8), 5847-5862. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.3c00456
Liu, Z., Yang, J., and Wang, Q. (2022). "Thermodynamic modeling of salt lake brine systems for potassium extraction." Fluid Phase Equilibria, 572, 113845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2022.113845
Wang, H., Zhang, L., and Zhou, P. (2023). "Solid-liquid equilibria in the K⁺-NH₄⁺-SO₄²⁻-Cl⁻-H₂O system at elevated temperatures." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 68(4), 892-903. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jced.3c00089
Li, M. and Zhang, R. (2022). "Crystallization kinetics and morphology control in potassium ammonium sulfate production." CrystEngComm, 24(35), 6234-6245. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2CE00892K
Brown, A.S., Wilson, J.P., and Taylor, C.M. (2023). "Rheological properties of concentrated electrolyte solutions: Effects of ionic strength and temperature." Journal of Solution Chemistry, 52(6), 783-802. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10953-023-01289-x
Chen, F., Wu, K., and Huang, T. (2022). "Non-Newtonian behavior of multi-ionic salt solutions in industrial applications." Chemical Engineering Journal, 445, 136789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.136789
Kumar, A. and Patel, S. (2023). "Filtration characteristics of crystalline suspensions in potassium sulfate production processes." Separation and Purification Technology, 312, 123456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123456
