Green Economy in the Experience of Developed Countries: Germany, Japan, and South Korea

Abstract

The global imperative to transition towards a sustainable economic model has positioned the 'green economy' at the forefront of policy discourse. This paper conducts a comprehensive comparative analysis of the green economy strategies implemented by three highly industrialized yet resource-scarce nations: Germany, Japan, and South Korea. Employing a qualitative comparative case study methodology based on secondary data from governmental reports, international organizations, and academic literature, this research investigates the distinct policy frameworks, technological priorities, and socio-economic outcomes associated with each country's approach. Germany's Energiewende is characterized by a citizen-driven, decentralized focus on renewable energy, particularly solar and wind. Japan's strategy, heavily influenced by the Fukushima disaster and its "Society 5.0" vision, prioritizes technological innovation in hydrogen, energy efficiency, and carbon capture. South Korea's state-led "Green New Deal" emphasizes a rapid, integrated transformation of digital and green infrastructure to foster new engines of economic growth. The results indicate significant variations in performance, with Germany achieving the highest share of renewables, while South Korea demonstrates a model for large-scale public investment. However, all three nations face persistent challenges, including energy costs, path dependency on existing industries, and social equity concerns. This study concludes that while no single model is universally applicable, the experiences of these nations offer critical insights into the complex interplay between policy design, technological pathways, and national context in the pursuit of sustainable development.